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1 abandoned invention
Патенты: заброшенное изобретение -
2 abandoned invention
• изоставено изобретениеEnglish-Bulgarian polytechnical dictionary > abandoned invention
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3 abandoned invention
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4 invention
- invention in contemplation
- invention made in common
- invention reduced to practice
- hide the invention
- invention of application
- invention of no avail
- abandoned invention
- accidental invention
- actual invention
- additional invention
- AEC contract invention
- aggregative invention
- alleged invention
- atomic energy invention
- basic invention
- biotechnological invention
- broad invention
- chemical invention
- claimed invention
- cognate inventions
- combination invention
- communicated inventions
- company's invention
- competing invention
- complete invention
- contemplated invention
- dead wood invention
- declassified invention
- defense invention
- defensive invention
- dependent invention
- derived invention
- design invention
- developing invention
- disclosed invention
- distinct invention
- domestic invention
- economic invention
- efficiency promoting invention
- employee's invention
- epoch-making invention
- finished invention
- foreign invention
- fraudulent invention
- free invention
- frivolous invention
- fully disclosed invention
- fundamental invention
- gene-based invention
- generic invention
- home invention
- immature invention
- imperfect invention
- incidental invention
- incomplete invention
- independent invention
- individual invention
- ineffective invention
- injurious invention
- interfering invention
- joint invention
- labor saving invention
- later invention
- main invention under the PCT
- method invention
- military invention
- narrow invention
- new invention
- novel invention
- obvious invention
- ordinary invention
- original invention
- outsider's invention
- paper invention
- patentable invention
- patented invention
- pioneer invention
- pioneering invention
- practical invention
- practically operative invention
- prior invention
- process invention
- proposed invention
- protected invention
- purported invention
- recognized invention
- recommended invention
- registered invention
- revolutionizing invention
- scandalous invention
- secret invention
- service invention
- simple invention
- specific invention
- subordinate invention
- supplementary invention
- supposed invention
- trivial invention
- unfinished invention
- unobvious invention
- unpatentable invention
- unpatented invention
- unrealizable invention
- useful invention
- utility invention
- vicious invention
- works invention
- worthless invention* * *изобретение (решение технической задачи, обладающее новизной и дающее положительный эффект) -
5 заброшенное изобретение
Русско-английский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам > заброшенное изобретение
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6 изоставено изобретение
abandoned inventionabandoned inventionsБългарски-Angleščina политехнически речник > изоставено изобретение
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7 заброшенное изобретение
Patents: abandoned inventionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > заброшенное изобретение
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8 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germanyd. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany[br]German inventor of printing with movable type.[br]Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.[br]Further ReadingA.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).LRDBiographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
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9 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USAd. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA[br]American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.[br]Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.BibliographyE.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).KFBiographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
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10 Davy, Sir Humphry
[br]b. 17 December 1778 Penzance, Cornwall, Englandd. 29 May 1829 Geneva, Switzerland[br]English chemist, discoverer of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and the halogens, inventor of the miner's safety lamp.[br]Educated at the Latin School at Penzance and from 1792 at Truro Grammar School, Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon in Penzance. In 1797 he began to teach himself chemistry by reading, among other works, Lavoisier's elementary treatise on chemistry. In 1798 Dr Thomas Beddoes of Bristol engaged him as assistant in setting up his Pneumatic Institution to pioneer the medical application of the newly discovered gases, especially oxygen.In 1799 he discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, discovered not long before by the chemist Joseph Priestley. He also noted its intoxicating qualities, on account of which it was dubbed "laughing-gas". Two years later Count Rumford, founder of the Royal Institution in 1800, appointed Davy Assistant Lecturer, and the following year Professor. His lecturing ability soon began to attract large audiences, making science both popular and fashionable.Davy was stimulated by Volta's invention of the voltaic pile, or electric battery, to construct one for himself in 1800. That enabled him to embark on the researches into electrochemistry by which is chiefly known. In 1807 he tried decomposing caustic soda and caustic potash, hitherto regarded as elements, by electrolysis and obtained the metals sodium and potassium. He went on to discover the metals barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium by the same means. Next, he turned his attention to chlorine, which was then regarded as an oxide in accordance with Lavoisier's theory that oxygen was the essential component of acids; Davy failed to decompose it, however, even with the aid of electricity and concluded that it was an element, thus disproving Lavoisier's view of the nature of acids. In 1812 Davy published his Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he presented his chemical ideas without, however, committing himself to the atomic theory, recently advanced by John Dalton.In 1813 Davy engaged Faraday as Assistant, perhaps his greatest service to science. In April 1815 Davy was asked to assist in the development of a miner's lamp which could be safely used in a firedamp (methane) laden atmosphere. The "Davy lamp", which emerged in January 1816, had its flame completely surrounded by a fine wire mesh; George Stephenson's lamp, based on a similar principle, had been introduced into the Northumberland pits several months earlier, and a bitter controversy as to priority of invention ensued, but it was Davy who was awarded the prize for inventing a successful safety lamp.In 1824 Davy was the first to suggest the possibility of conferring cathodic protection to the copper bottoms of naval vessels by the use of sacrificial electrodes. Zinc and iron were found to be equally effective in inhibiting corrosion, although the scheme was later abandoned when it was found that ships protected in this way were rapidly fouled by weeds and barnacles.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1812. FRS 1803; President, Royal Society 1820. Royal Society Copley Medal 1805.Bibliography1812, Elements of Chemical Philosophy.1839–40, The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, 9 vols, ed. John Davy, London.Further ReadingJ.Davy, 1836, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). J.A.Paris, 1831, The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). H.Hartley, 1967, Humphry Davy, London (a more recent biography).J.Z.Fullmer, 1969, Cambridge, Mass, (a bibliography of Davy's works).ASD -
11 उच्छिष्ट _ucchiṣṭa
उच्छिष्ट p. p.1 Left as a remainder-2 Rejected, abandoned; अन्˚ R.12.15.-3 Stale; ˚कल्पना stale idea or invention.-4 Unholy, impure; उच्छिष्टं तु यवक्रीतम- पकृष्टकमण्डलुम् Mb.3.136.14.-5 (Used actively). One who has not washed his mouth and hands after meals, and hence considered impure; न चोच्छिष्टः क्वचिद् व्रजेत् Ms.2.56;-ष्टम् 1 Leaving, fragments remainder, (especially of food or sacrifice); उच्छिष्टमपि चामेध्यम् Bg.17.1; नोच्छिष्टं कस्यचिद्दद्यात् Ms.2.56.; so द्विज˚, गृध्र˚.-2 Honey.-Comp. -अन्नम् leavings, offal.-गणपतिः (or गणेशः) (opposed to शुद्ध गणपति) Gaṇesa as worship- ped by the उच्छिष्टs (or men who leave the remains of their food in their mouth during prayer).-चाण्डालिनी a form of the goddess मातङ्गी.-भोजन, -भोजिन्, -भोक्तृ a. one who eats the leavings of another or eats the leavings of offerings to gods (as an attendant upon an idol). चिकित्सिकस्य क्रूरस्योच्छिष्टभोजिनः Ms.4.212.-भोजनम् eating the leavings of another.-मोदनम् Wax. -
12 application
1) заявка (заявка на патент - это комплект документов, состоящий из: ходатайства, описания изобретения, чертежей, формулы изобретения, присяги или торжественного заявления изобретателя и подтверждения уплаты заявочной пошлины)2) заявление, прошение, ходатайство3) применение, употребление4) внесение (напр. поправки)5) прикладная задача, прикладная система•- confidential nature of an application
- application establishing priority
- application for a foreign patent
- application for a license
- application for a patent
- application for a postponement
- application for cancellation
- application for compensation
- application for continuation of examination
- application for conversion
- application for registration
- application for respite
- application for revocation
- application for the grant of a patent
- application for the protection of an invention
- application for the registration of a mark
- application for the registration of a trademark
- application for the reissue of a patent
- application for the renewal of a patent
- application for the renewal of the registration of mark
- application for urgency
- application in home country
- application in issue
- application made special
- application not satisfying requirements of patentability
- application on appeal
- application on file
- application on record
- patent application as published for opposition
- application of correction
- abandoned application
- accepted application
- actual application
- additional application
- allowed application
- amended application
- amplified application
- attacked application
- basic application
- challenging application
- chemical application
- CIP application
- cognate application
- colliding application
- commercial application
- continuation application
- continuation-in-part application
- continuing application
- Convention application
- copending applications
- copyright application
- corresponding application
- defective application
- defensively published application
- defensive publication application
- definite application
- denial application
- dependent application
- design patent application
- divisional application
- dragnet application
- earlier filed application
- employment application
- examined application
- ex parte application
- fatally defective application
- faulty application
- filed application
- finally rejected application
- first application
- foreign patent application
- forfeited application
- forfeitured application
- illegal application
- improper application
- improvement application
- incomplete application
- incorrect patent application
- independent application
- industrial application
- initial application
- instant application
- interfering application
- international application under the PCT
- joint application
- later application
- later-dated application
- later-field application
- main application
- mark application
- method application
- national application
- native application
- new application
- non-convention application
- nonexamined application
- nonpriority application
- opposed patent application
- original application
- original foreign application
- parent application
- patent application
- pending application
- pending patent application
- plant patent application
- practical application
- preliminary application
- previous application
- prior application
- priority application
- private patent application
- process application
- provisional application for a patent
- published application
- reciprocity application
- refiled application
- refused application
- regional application under the PCT
- regular application - related applications
- renewal application
- representative application
- restricted application
- secret application
- secret patent application
- semifinished application
- separate application
- signed application
- special application
- streamlined continuation application
- subsequent application
- substitute application
- trademark application
- united application
- U. S. application
- useful application
- verified application
- vicious patent application
- withdrawn application
- written application* * *заявка (комплект официальных документов, представляемый заявителем в патентное ведомство для получения охранного документа: патента, свидетельства о регистрации товарного знака или промышленного образца) -
13 patent
1) патент (охранный документ на изобретение, удостоверяющий признание предложения изобретением, его приоритет и исключительное право на него патентообладателя)2) патентовать; патентованный; патентный•- patent applied for
- patent in force
- patent being in force
- patent for a design
- patent for an invention
- patent for a plant
- patent for improvement
- patent in dispute
- patent on a design
- patent pending
- patent referred to
- patent abroad
- patent of addition
- patent of confirmation
- patent of importation
- patent of improvement
- patent of revalidation
- abandoned patent
- additional patent
- adjudicated patent
- AEC-owned patent
- anticipating patent
- apparatus patent
- art patent
- article patent
- assailable patent
- assigned patent
- atomic energy patent
- attackable patent
- attacked patent
- basic patent
- biological patent
- blocking patent
- blocking-off patent
- borderline patent
- British Letters patent
- broad patent
- business method patent
- cancelled patent
- ceased patent
- chemical patent
- cited patent
- collateral patent
- colonial patent
- combination patent
- Commission-owned patent
- communicated patent
- competing patent
- complementary patent
- composition-of-matter patent
- confirmation patent
- conflicting patent
- contestable patent
- copending patents
- corresponding patents
- deadwood patent
- dead-wood patent
- defective patent
- dependent patent
- design letters patent
- device patent
- disputed patent
- divisional patent
- domestic patent
- dominant patent
- dormant patent
- double patent
- dragnet patent
- drug patent
- duplicate patents
- earlier patent
- economic patent
- electrical patent
- European patent
- exclusive patent
- exercisable patent
- existing patent
- expired patent
- exploitable patent
- extended patent
- extinct patent
- fencing-off patent
- final patent
- foreign patent
- forfeited patent
- fortifying patent
- freed patent
- free-lance patent
- French pharmaceutical patent
- granted patent
- home patent
- importation patent
- improvement patent
- incipient patent
- incontestable patent
- independent patent
- indigenous patent
- industrial patent
- industrial development patent
- infringed patent
- infringing patent
- infringing patents
- inoperative patent
- interdependent patents
- intervening patent
- invalid patent
- issued patent
- joint patent
- key patent
- land patent
- lapsed patent
- later patent
- later-dated patent
- legally effective patent
- letters patent
- licensed patent
- litigious patent
- live patent
- machine patent
- main patent
- manufacture patent
- master patent
- material patent
- mechanical patent
- medical patent
- metallurgical patent
- method patent
- minor patent
- modification patent
- more recent patent
- narrow patent
- national patent
- national patent under the PCT
- native's patent
- new use patent
- non-convention patent
- Nordic patent
- not infringed patent
- nuisance patent
- objected patent
- obstructive patent
- old patent
- operative patent
- original patent
- ornamental design patent
- overlapping patents
- paper patent
- parallel patent
- parent patent
- pending patent
- petty patent
- pharmaceutical patent
- pioneer patent
- plant patent
- pooled patent
- posthumous patent
- practicable patent
- printed patent
- prior patent
- process patent
- product patent
- provisional European patent
- questionable patent
- reference patent
- regional patent
- reinstated patent
- reissue patent
- reissued patent
- related patent
- revoked patent
- scarecrow patent
- secret patent
- senior patent
- shot gun patent
- simultaneous patent
- small patent
- software patent
- standard patent
- strain patent
- strong patent
- structure patent
- subordinate patent
- subsequent patent
- subservient patent
- subsidiary patent
- sued upon patent
- suppressed patent
- transfer of technology patent
- unenforceable patent
- unexpired patent
- universal patent
- unjustified patent
- unused patent
- U. S. patent
- useful model patent
- utility patent
- valid patent
- valuable patent
- void patent
- voidable patent
- weak patent
- withheld patent
- world-wide patent
- worthless patent
- X-series patent
- younger patent
- youngest patent* * *патент (охранный документ, представляющий исключительнее право на осуществление, использование и продажу изобретения в течение определенного срока и на определенно» территории) -
14 Herschel, John Frederick William
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 7 March 1792 Slough, Englandd. 11 May 1871 Collingwood, England[br]English scientist who introduced "hypo" (thiosulphate) as a photographic fixative and discovered the blueprint process.[br]The only son of Sir William Herschel, the famous astronomer, John graduated from Cambridge in 1813 and went on to become a distinguished astronomer, mathematician and chemist. He left England in November 1833 to set up an observatory near Cape Town, South Africa, where he embarked on a study of the heavens in the southern hemisphere. He returned to England in the spring of 1838, and between 1850 and 1855 Herschel served as Master of the Royal Mint. He made several notable contributions to photography, perhaps the most important being his discovery in 1819 that hyposulphites (thiosulphates) would dissolve silver salts. He brought this property to the attention of W.H.F. Talbot, who in 1839 was using a common salt solution as a fixing agent for his early photographs. After trials, Talbot adopted "hypo", which was a far more effective fixative. It was soon adopted by other photographers and eventually became the standard photographic fixative, as it still is in the 1990s. After hearing of the first photographic process in January 1839, Herschel devised his own process within a week. In September 1839 he made the first photograph on glass. He is credited with introducing the words "positive", "negative" and "snapshot" to photography, and in 1842 he invented the cyanotype or "blueprint" process. This process was later to be widely adopted by engineers and architects for the reproduction of plans and technical drawings, a practice abandoned only in the late twentieth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order 1831. Baronet 1838. FRS 1813. Copley Medal 1821.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1968, Vol. IX, pp. 714–19.H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London; Larry J.Schaaf, 1992, Out of the Shadows: Herschel, Talbot and the Invention of Photography, Newhaven and London (for details of his contributions to photography and his relationship with Talbot).JWBiographical history of technology > Herschel, John Frederick William
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15 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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16 Mergenthaler, Ottmar
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 11 May 1854 Hachtel, Germanyd. 28 October 1899 Baltimore, Maryland, USA[br]German/American inventor of the Linotype typesetting machine.[br]Mergenthaler came from a family of teachers, but following a mechanical bent he was apprenticed to a clockmaker. Having served his time, Mergenthaler emigrated to the USA in 1872 to avoid military service. He immediately secured work in Washington, DC, in the scientific instrument shop of August Hahl, the son of his former master. He steadily acquired a reputation for skill and ingenuity, and in 1876, when Hahl transferred his business to Baltimore, Mergenthaler went too. Soon after, they were commissioned to remedy the defects in a model of a writing machine devised by James O.Clephane of Washington. It produced print by typewriting, which was then multiplied by lithography. Mergenthaler soon corrected the defects and Clephane ordered a full-size version. This was completed in 1877 but did not work satisfactorily. Nevertheless, Mergenthaler was moved to engage in the long battle to mechanize the typesetting stage of the printing process. Clephane suggested substituting stereotyping for lithography in his device, but in spite of their keen efforts Mergenthaler and Hahl were again unsuccessful and they abandoned the project. In spare moments Mergenthaler continued his search for a typesetting machine. Late in 1883 it occurred to him to stamp matrices into type bars and to cast type metal into them in the same machine. From this idea, the Linotype machine developed and was completed by July 1884. It worked well and a patent was granted on 26 August that year, and Clephane and his associates set up the National Typographic Company of West Virginia to manufacture it. The New York Tribune ordered twelve Linotypes, and on 3 July 1886 the first of these set part of that day's issue. During the previous year the company had passed into the hands of a group of newspaper owners; increasing differences with the Board led to Mergenthaler's resignation in 1888, but he nevertheless continued to improve the machine, patenting over fifty modifications. The Linotype, together with the Monotype of Tolbert Lanston, rapidly supplanted earlier typesetting methods, and by the 1920s it reigned supreme, the former being used more for newspapers, the latter for book work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute John Scott Medal, Elliott Cresson Medal.Bibliography1898, Ottmar Mergenthaler and the Invention of Linotype, New York.Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1964, The Composition of Reading Matter, London.LRD -
17 Weston, Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 May 1850 Oswestry, Englandd. 20 August 1936 Montclair, New Jersey, USA[br]English (naturalized American) inventor noted for his contribution to the technology of electrical measurements.[br]Although he developed dynamos for electroplating and lighting, Weston's major contribution to technology was his invention of a moving-coil voltmeter and the standard cell which bears his name. After some years as a medical student, during which he gained a knowledge of chemistry, he abandoned his studies. Emigrating to New York in 1870, he was employed by a manufacturer of photographic chemicals. There followed a period with an electroplating company during which he built his first dynamo. In 1877 some business associates financed a company to build these machines and, later, arc-lighting equipment. By 1882 the Weston Company had been absorbed into the United States Electric Lighting Company, which had a counterpart in Britain, the Maxim Weston Company. By the time Weston resigned from the company, in 1886, he had been granted 186 patents. He then began the work in which he made his greatest contribution, the science of electrical measurement.The Weston meter, the first successful portable measuring instrument with a pivoted coil, was made in 1886. By careful arrangement of the magnet, coil and control springs, he achieved a design with a well-damped movement, which retained its calibration. These instruments were produced commercially on a large scale and the moving-coil principle was soon adopted by many manufacturers. In 1892 he invented manganin, an alloy with a small negative temperature coefficient, for use as resistances in his voltmeters.The Weston standard cell was invented in 1892. Using his chemical knowledge he produced a cell, based on mercury and cadmium, which replaced the Clark cell as a voltage reference source. The Weston cell became the recognized standard at the International Conference on Electrical Units and Standards held in London in 1908.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, AIEE 1888–9. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Medal 1910, Franklin medal 1924.Bibliography29 April 1890, British patent no. 6,569 (the Weston moving-coil instrument). 6 February 1892, British patent no. 22,482 (the Weston standard cell).Further ReadingD.O.Woodbury, 1949, A Measure of Greatness. A Short Biography of Edward Weston, New York (a detailed account).C.N.Brown, 1988, in Proceedings of the Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering, IEE, 17–21 (describes Weston's meter).H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass.GW
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